Treaty of Amritsar, 1846: Provisions, Territorial Transfer and Historical Significance
The Treaty of Amritsar, signed on 16 March 1846 between the British Government and Gulab Singh, established the legal foundation of the Dogra princely State of Jammu and Kashmir. Learn its territorial, financial and political provisions and understand…
First Anglo-Sikh War, Treaty of Lahore and Formation of Jammu & Kashmir in 1846
The First Anglo-Sikh War of 1845–46 transformed the political map of the north-western Himalayas. This article explains the battles, Treaty of Lahore, Gulab Singh's role and the 1846 settlement that led to the formation of the princely State of Jammu and…
Sikh Rule in Kashmir: Ranjit Singh, Battle of Shopian and the Administration of Kashmir
Sikh rule in Kashmir began with Ranjit Singh's victory at the Battle of Shopian in 1819 and lasted until 1846. This article examines the conquest, Sikh governors, provincial administration, revenue system, economy and the transition to Dogra rule.
Afghan and Sikh Rule in Kashmir: Comparative Socio-Economic Conditions, Taxation and Crafts
Afghan and Sikh rule transformed Kashmir's political economy between 1752/53 and 1846. This comparative study examines agriculture, taxation, shawls, crafts, trade, begar and the socio-economic consequences of the transition in 1819.
Afghan Rule in Kashmir, 1752/53–1819: Administration, Revenue, Society and Economy
Afghan rule transformed Kashmir's political and economic landscape between 1752/53 and 1819. This article examines provincial administration, revenue extraction, local elites, agriculture, shawl production, social conditions and the factors that led to…
Mughal Kashmir: Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb and the Development of Gardens and Architecture
Jahangir and Shah Jahan transformed Kashmir into a major Mughal imperial landscape through gardens, water architecture, royal residences and stone monuments. Explore Shalimar, Nishat, Chashme Shahi, Pari Mahal and the interaction between Mughal and…
Mughal Rule in Kashmir: Administration, Economy and Political Integration
Mughal rule transformed Kashmir from an independent Sultanate into an integrated imperial province. This article examines administration, revenue reforms, agriculture, trade, crafts, Persianization and the incorporation of Kashmiri elites under Mughal…
Mughal Annexation of Kashmir: Akbar, Yusuf Shah Chak and the Events of 1586
The Mughal annexation of Kashmir was a multi-stage process involving Akbar, Yusuf Shah Chak, Raja Bhagwan Das, Qasim Khan and Yaqub Shah. Explore the 1586 conquest, Battle of Hastivanj and final Chak submission in 1589.