Introduction

The agricultural landscape of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) is currently experiencing a period of profound structural realignment. Historically characterized by subsistence-based cereal cultivation, the region is transitioning toward a high-value, market-driven agrarian economy under the aegis of the Holistic Agriculture Development Program (HADP) and various central government initiatives. 

For aspirants preparing for examinations conducted by the Jammu and Kashmir Services Selection Board (JKSSB), a nuanced understanding of these shifts is essential, as agriculture remains the primary livelihood for nearly 70 to 80 percent of the population and a pivotal component of the region’s socio-economic fabric.   

Macro-Economic Landscape and Sectoral Shift

The economic profile of Jammu and Kashmir reveals a resilient primary sector that continues to evolve despite global and regional challenges. In the fiscal year 2023-24, the real Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of J&K was projected to grow at 7.41 percent, while the nominal GSDP was anticipated to reach approximately Rs. 2.46 lakh crores, marking a 9.92 percent increase. This growth is significant when compared to historical trends, with a compound annual growth rate of 5.13 percent recorded between 2019-20 and 2023-24, surpassing the performance of previous periods.   

However, the relative contribution of agriculture and its allied sectors to the overall economy has seen a marked decline. According to the Economic Survey 2023-24, the primary sector currently accounts for approximately 18.24 percent of the Gross State Value Added (GSVA). Other independent analyses suggest this share has fallen to as low as 20 percent from a high of 28 percent recorded fifteen years ago. This transition suggests a maturing economy where the tertiary sector, contributing 61.06 percent, and the secondary sector, contributing 20.7 percent, are expanding at a faster rate.   

This sectoral shift is not merely a statistical phenomenon but reflects the changing priorities of the region’s workforce. The decline in the share of agriculture is partially attributed to the impact of climate change—notably an 80 percent decline in rainfall and snowfall that has disrupted traditional rain-fed farming—and a strategic move toward diversification into higher-paying horticultural and industrial sectors. The per capita income of J&K is estimated to attain a level of Rs. 1,46,447 in 2023-24, indicating that while the agricultural share of GDP is shrinking, the economic well-being of the individual citizen is ostensibly improving through better productivity and market linkages.   

J&K Economic Indicators: A Comparative Snapshot (2023-24)

The primary sector’s resilience is being fortified by the Holistic Agriculture Development Plan (HADP), which aims to invest Rs. 5,013 crore into 29 distinct projects over the next five years. This massive public investment is designed to boost GSDP by shifting farming from subsistence activity to a modern, enterprise-driven system capable of creating nearly 2.8 lakh jobs.   

Physiographic and Agro-Climatic Zonation

The diversity of crops in Jammu and Kashmir is a direct result of its unique physiography, which is characterized by lofty mountains, expansive valleys, and fertile plains. The region is traditionally divided into three broad physiographic zones: 

1.The Greater Himalayas (Himadri), 

2.The Lesser Himalayas (Pir Panjal Range), and 

3. The Outer Himalayas (Siwaliks). 

These topographical variations necessitate a sophisticated classification of agro-climatic zones to optimize agricultural productivity.   

1. Low Altitude Sub-tropical Zone (JK-1)

This zone includes the entire Jammu district and the lower portions of Kathua, Samba, Udhampur, Rajouri, and Poonch. The climate here is characterized by hot summers and pronounced winters, with the majority of rainfall occurring during the southwest monsoon from July to September. The elevation ranges from less than 300 m to 1,350 m above sea level. Alluvial soils dominate the landscape, supporting the cultivation of maize, wheat, and pulses. This zone is notably home to the RS Pura belt, world-renowned for its high-quality Basmati rice.   

2. Mid to High Altitude Intermediate Zone (JK-2)

Serving as a transition between the sub-tropical plains and the temperate valley, this zone covers the mid and high-altitude areas of Doda, Poonch, Rajouri, and Udhampur. The elevation ranges from 800 m up to 4,000 m in the higher reaches. The rainfall pattern is influenced by both the southwest monsoon in summer and northwestern disturbances in winter. Wheat and sugarcane are the primary crops in the lower belts, while maize dominates the higher elevations.   

3. Mid to High Altitude Temperate Zone (JK-3)

This zone encompasses the Kashmir Valley, including districts such as Anantnag, Pulwama, Srinagar, Budgam, Baramulla, and Kupwara. The region experiences severe winters with frost and snow, and warm, relatively dry summers. Soils in this valley are predominantly alluvial, and approximately 62 percent of the area is irrigated, earning it the moniker of “cultivator’s paradise”. Rice is the staple food crop here, supplemented by a robust horticulture sector focused on apples and walnuts.   

4. Cold Arid Zone (JK-4)

Situated in the northernmost reaches, including the Ladakh region, this zone is characterized by rugged mountains and extreme climatic conditions. Cultivation is severely limited by the lack of moisture and freezing temperatures. Barley is the primary cereal crop grown in this zone, as it is exceptionally hardy and capable of maturing in short growing seasons.   

Summary Table of Agro-Climatic Zones

The Seasonal Cropping Pattern: Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid

For JKSSB aspirants, mastering the distinction between the three primary cropping seasons is a fundamental requirement. These seasons are defined by temperature variations, rainfall availability, and regional preferences.   

The Kharif Season (Monsoon Crops)

Kharif crops are typically sown at the beginning of the monsoon season (June to July) and harvested in autumn (September to October). These crops require hot and humid conditions with substantial rainfall.   

• Rice (Paddy): The most dominant Kharif crop, particularly in the Kashmir Valley. It is the staple food of the region.   
• Maize (Corn): Grown extensively as a Kharif crop, especially in the Jammu region and hilly areas of Kashmir.   
• Millets: Includes jowar and bajra, primarily grown in the drier parts of the Jammu division.   
• Other Crops: Cotton, groundnut, jute, tobacco, and certain pulses like urad and tur.   

The Rabi Season (Winter Crops)

Rabi crops are sown post-monsoon (October to November) and harvested in the spring (March to June). These crops thrive in cooler, drier weather and require carefully managed irrigation.   

• Wheat: The predominant Rabi crop in Jammu and Kashmir, especially in the Jammu division.   
• Barley: A significant crop in the cooler areas of Kashmir and the arid zones of Ladakh.   
• Mustard: The primary oilseed crop, grown extensively during the winter months.   
• Pulses: Includes gram (chana), peas, and lentils.   

The Zaid Season (Summer Gap Crops)

Zaid is a short season that occurs between the Rabi harvest and Kharif sowing (March to June). These crops are not dependent on rainfall and rely heavily on irrigation.   

• Fruits and Vegetables: Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, and bitter gourd.   
• Fodder Crops: Sudan grass and hybrid napier, essential for livestock management during the hot summer.   

Seasonal Crop Matrix for J&K Aspirants

Principal Cereal Crops: Rice, Wheat, and Maize

The “trinity” of rice, maize, and wheat accounts for approximately 84 percent of the total cropped area in Jammu and Kashmir. These cereals form the basis of the regional food security framework.   

Rice: The “Chief Crop” of the Valley

Rice is the staple food of Kashmir and is cultivated extensively across the valley. The Kashmir Valley is often referred to as the “Rice Bowl” of the region.   

• Key Regions: Anantnag, Baramulla, Srinagar, and Pulwama in Kashmir; Jammu and Kathua in the Jammu division.   
• Varieties: Notable varieties include Mushqbudji (aromatic), Zag (red rice), and high-yielding varieties like Shalimar Rice (R1-R4) and Jhelum.   
• Basmati Rice: The RS Pura tehsil in Jammu is world-famous for its Basmati 370 variety, which is a major agricultural export.   

Wheat: The Winter Pillar

Wheat is the second most significant significant crop in the Union Territory and the principal crop of the Jammu region.   

• Key Regions: Jammu, Kathua, Samba, Udhampur, and Rajouri districts.   
• Cultivation Context: While it is a Rabi crop in Jammu and Kashmir, it is grown as a Kharif crop in the cold arid regions of Ladakh due to the unique climatic constraints.   

Maize: The Cereal of the Highlands

Maize is a critical cereal crop, covering approximately 30 percent of the total cropped area in J&K.   

• Key Regions: In Jammu, leading areas include Rajouri, Doda, Poonch, and Udhampur. In Kashmir, Kupwara, Baramulla, and Anantnag are primary producers.   
• Economic Transition: While traditionally a subsistence crop yielding Rs. 90,000 to 1.20 lakh per hectare, the government is encouraging a shift to high-value varieties like baby corn and sweet corn to manifold income increases.   

Horticulture: The Economic Engine of J&K

Horticulture is the most vibrant sector of J&K’s economy, contributing significantly to the GSDP and supporting nearly 3.5 million people. The region enjoys a monopoly in India for several temperate fruits.   

Apple: The “King of Temperate Fruits”

Jammu and Kashmir is the largest producer of apples in India, contributing nearly 75 percent of the national output.   

• Production Statistics: In 2023-24, total production reached 1.86 million metric tons, with 1.31 million metric tons exported outside the UT.   
• Major Varieties: Ambri (indigenous and highly prized), Delicious (most popular commercial variety), Golden, and American Trel.   
• Modernization: The government is pushing for high-density plantations and expanding Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storage capacity, which currently stands at 270,000 metric tons against a requirement of 600,000 metric tons.   

Walnut: The “Dry Gold”

J&K accounts for approximately 90 percent of India’s walnut production.   

• Leading District: Kupwara is the highest-producing district, with a record production of 30,894 metric tonnes in recent years.   
• Varieties: Kagazi (thin-shelled), Burzul (tasty kernel), and Wonth (thick-shelled, used for oil).   
• Economic Context: Walnut production was reported at 307.306 thousand tons in 2024, showing a steady growth trend.   

Saffron: The “Golden Harvest”

Saffron, locally known as Kesar or Zafron, is the most expensive spice in the world and a significant cash crop for J&K.   

• Key Region: Primarily grown in the Pampore highlands of the Pulwama district, often called the “Saffron Town of Kashmir”.   
• Current Crisis: Production has seen a decline from 17.33 MT in 2021 to 14.94 MT in 2023, with the 2024 harvest being severely impacted by a lack of rainfall.   
• Revival Hope: Timely rains in late 2025 have raised expectations of a significantly better harvest, potentially reaching 80 percent of normal yield.   

Horticulture Production Table (2023-24)

Niche Crops and Geographical Indication (GI) Tags

Geographical Indication (GI) tags play a crucial role in safeguarding the unique identities of J&K’s agricultural products. As of March 2024, J&K has registered 17 GI products, with many more applications in the final stages.   

Notable Agricultural GI Tags

• Kashmir Saffron: Prized for its unique aroma, deep color, and medicinal properties.   
• Mushqbudji Rice: A short-grain aromatic rice from the high altitudes of Anantnag. It was almost extinct but has been revived through scientific intervention at SKUAST-Kashmir.   
• Basmati Rice: Specifically the aromatic varieties from the Jammu region.   
• Bhaderwah Rajmash: Unique red kidney beans from the Doda-Bhaderwah belt, celebrated for their flavor.   
• Ramban Sulai Honey: An organic honey derived from the Plectranthus rugosus flora, known for its medicinal benefits.   

Impact of GI Tagging

A GI tag provides legal protection against unauthorized use, prevents imitation, and enhances marketability in international markets. For products like Mushqbudji rice, the tag has led to a manifold increase in price, with it selling at Rs. 10,000 to 15,000 per quintal compared to Rs. 3,200 for regular rice.   

One District One Product (ODOP) Initiative

The ODOP initiative aims to foster balanced regional development by focusing on at least one specific product from each district. This strategy helps in scaling up procurement, marketing, and common facilities.   

District-wise ODOP Agricultural List (J&K)

In Doda, the “Purple Revolution” has seen a massive shift toward lavender cultivation, with returns as high as Rs. 5.50 lakhs from just 30 kanals of land. In Kulgam, garlic cultivation has covered 124 hectares with an annual turnover of Rs. 5.46 crores.   

Holistic Agriculture Development Program (HADP)

The HADP is a transformative Rs. 5,013 crore initiative consisting of 29 interlinked projects designed to revitalize J&K’s agrarian economy.   

Core Objectives of HADP

• Economic Transformation: Shifting from subsistence farming to commercial, high-value enterprises.   
• Employment Generation: Projected to create over 2.8 lakh jobs and facilitate nearly 19,000 agri-enterprises.   
• Skill Development: Equipping 2.5 lakh farmers via the Daksh Kisan portal.   
• Digital Integration: Utilizing the Kisan Sathi portal for seamless farmer onboarding and application tracking.   

Key Projects and Impacts

HADP addresses the entire value chain, from seed production to post-harvest infrastructure. It has already led to the establishment of over 92,000 productive units, including nurseries, farms, and livestock units. The program emphasizes climate resilience, which is critical given the recent 80 percent decline in precipitation.   

Infrastructure and Current Affairs: Shahpur Kandi Dam

A major highlight in J&K’s agricultural infrastructure is the completion of the Shahpur Kandi Dam project on the River Ravi.   

• Irrigation Benefit: The project is expected to provide regulated irrigation to approximately 32,173 hectares of land in the districts of Kathua and Samba.   
• Hydropower: It will produce 206 MW of renewable energy, contributing to regional energy security.   
• Strategic Significance: The dam allows India to utilize its full share of Ravi waters under the Indus Waters Treaty (1960), preventing unutilized water from flowing into Pakistan.   
• Ujh Multipurpose Project: Another strategic initiative that aims to facilitate irrigation to about 90,000 hectares of agricultural land in Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir.    

Conclusion

The agricultural sector in Jammu and Kashmir is no longer a stagnant, subsistence-driven field. It is a dynamic landscape where traditional crops like saffron and Mushqbudji rice are being saved by modern science, while new commercial ventures like lavender and mushrooms are creating wealth in once-impoverished districts. The decline in the primary sector’s share of GSDP to 18-20 percent reflects a diversifying economy, but the government’s investment of Rs. 5,013 crore through HADP signals that agriculture will remain the bedrock of rural prosperity.   

For the JKSSB aspirant, the challenge lies in understanding the interplay between climate (80 percent rain decline), infrastructure (Shahpur Kandi Dam), and policy (ODOP/HADP). Accuracy in statistics—such as the 1.86 million metric tons of apple production or the 307 thousand tons of walnut production—is crucial for exam success. As J&K transitions toward becoming a hub of “agripreneurs,” the agricultural knowledge base provided here serves as both a study guide and a roadmap for the future economic leaders of the Union Territory.   

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Sahil Digra

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