Introduction
The tourism sector of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir has historically been the backbone of its regional economy, functioning as a key driver of employment generation, revenue mobilization, and socio-cultural integration.
Between 2024 and 2026, J&K has transitioned from a predominantly seasonal destination to a year-round tourism hub, recording a historic 1.78 crore tourist arrivals in 2025. This structural transformation is supported by:
- Granting of “Industry Status” to tourism
- Identification of 75 offbeat destinations
- Border tourism liberalization (Keran, Teetwal, Gurez)
- Mega tunnel & rail connectivity projects
- Expansion of GI-tagged products
- Seasonal diversification (Tulip & Chrysanthemum festivals)
Macroeconomic Landscape & Tourism Growth Trajectory
Key Economic Indicators (FY 2023–24 / 2024–25)
| Indicator | Estimated Value |
| Nominal GSDP | ₹2.46 Lakh Crores |
| Real Growth Rate | 7.41% |
| Nominal Growth (2024–25) | 11% |
| Services Sector Contribution | 61.06% |
| Per Capita Income Growth | 9.5% |
| Tourist Arrivals (2025) | 1.78 Crore |
| Foreign Tourist Increase | 61% YoY |
Strategic Drivers of Growth
- Industry Status to Tourism
- Hosting of G20 Tourism Working Group (May 2023)
- Film Tourism Promotion Policy
- Border Tourism Opening
- Infrastructure modernization (Zojila, Z-Morh)
Quick Facts: Popular Nicknames & Regional Superlatives (High-Scoring for JKSSB)
| Place | Popular Name |
| Srinagar | Venice of the East; City of Lakes; City of Sufis;Nucleus of Kashmir |
| Kashmir | Switzerland of Asia |
| Kishtwar | Land of Sapphire & Saffron |
| Anantnag | Granary of Kashmir |
| Kathua | Land of Sufis |
| Poonch | Mini Kashmir |
| Jammu | City of Temples |
| Gulmarg | Meadow of Flowers; Ski Resort of the Valley |
| Sonamarg | Meadow of Gold |
| Pahalgam | Village of Shepherds |
| Bhaderwah | Chotta Kashmir |
| Ladakh | Red Land; Land of Hompas |
| Pampore | Saffron Bowl of Kashmir |
| Shopian | Apple Bowl of J&K |
| Kulgam | Rice Bowl of Kashmir |
| Bandipora | Milk Bowl of Kashmir |
| Lakhanpur | Gateway of J&K |
| Sopore | Chotta London |
| Pulwama | Anand of Kashmir |
| Pari Mahal | Adobe of Faries |
| Mansabal | Supreme Gem of all Kashmir |
| Dal Lake | Jewel in the Crown of Kashmir |
| Udhampur | Land of Devika/Bowlis |
| Purmandal | Chotta Kashi |
| Palli (Samba) | First Carbon Neutral Panchayat in India |
| Drass | Gateway to Ladakh; Second Coldest Inhabited Place |
| Budgam | Land of Springs |
Famous Monuments & Forts
| Monument | Location | Built By / Period | Key Fact for JKSSB |
| Bahu Fort | Jammu (Tawi – Left bank) | Raja Bahu Lochan | Deity: Dedicated to Goddess Kali, popularly known as Bawe Wali Mata. Significance: She is considered the presiding deity (Ishta Devi) of the Jammu region. Festivals: The Bahu Mela is held here twice a year during the Navratras (March/April and September/October). |
| Hari Parbat Fort | Srinagar | The fort’s history is often divided into two main phases: the Mughal Outer Wall and the Afghan Main Fort. Original Fortification (Mughal): In 1590, Mughal Emperor Akbar built an outer wall (rampart) for a planned new capital called Nagar Nagor. This project was never fully completed, but the wall still stands. The Main Fort (Afghan): The current structure atop the hill was built much later, in 1808, by Atta Mohammed Khan (an Afghan Governor under the Durrani Empire). For this reason, it is also known as the Durrani Fort. | Later Ownership: The fort later came under the control of the Sikh Empire (1819) and was eventually handed over to Gulab Singh (founder of the Dogra Dynasty) in 1846 following the Treaty of Lahore. The fort sits on Hari Parbat Hill, which is also locally known as Koh-e-Maran. It is a symbol of secularism, featuring prominent shrines of three different faiths on its slopes. Two major gateways from the Mughal era are vital for your exams: 1.Kathi Darwaza: The main entrance, featuring Persian inscriptions. 2.Sangin Darwaza: Known for its more ornate and architectural style. The “Triple Shrine”: 1.Sharika Devi Temple 2.Makhdoom Sahib 3.Gurdwara Chatti Patshahi (Visit of the 6th Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind) |
| Mubarak Mandi | Jammu | Historical Timeline Foundation: The foundation was laid in 1710 (some sources cite 1824 for the oldest current structures) by Raja Dhruv Dev. Royal Seat: It was the main residence of the Dogra Maharajas until 1925, when Maharaja Hari Singh shifted the royal seat to the Hari Niwas Palace. Duration of Construction: The complex was built over a span of 150+ years, with successive rulers adding their own palaces and wings | Architectural Styles: 1.Rajasthani/Rajputana: Seen in the ornate jharokhas (bay windows) and chhatris. 2.Mughal: Reflected in the symmetry, domes, and late-Mughal pebble work. 3.European Baroque & Victorian: Introduced during the later Dogra period, featuring high arches, columns, and sloping roofs. 4.European Chateaus: Specifically influenced the design of certain wings like the Amar Mahal (often discussed alongside Mubarak Mandi). The complex is organized around several courtyards known as Ahattas. 1.Darbar Hall (Grey Hall) 2.Pink Hall 3.Dogra Art Museum. 4.Gol Ghar 5.Sheesh Mahal 6.Hawa Mahal 7.Rani Charak Palace 8.Toshakhana |
| Amar Mahal (Hari Palace) | Jammu | Built by: Maharaja Amar Singh (the brother of Maharaja Pratap Singh and father of Maharaja Hari Singh). Year of Completion: Construction was completed in 1891. Designer: It was designed by a French architect, which is why it stands out from other structures in Jammu. Location: It is situated on a hillock overlooking the Tawi River and the Trikuta Hills. | Architectural Significance: 1.French Chateau Style 2.Material: Constructed using red sandstone. 3.Features: It includes Greek-inspired pediments, triangular gables, and ornate fireplaces inside. Key Exhibits: 1.The Golden Throne: The museum’s most famous exhibit is the 120 kg solid gold throne of the Dogra rulers. 2.Pahari Paintings: It houses a massive collection of Nainsukh and Kangra school miniature paintings, specifically depicting the Nala Damayanti story. 3.Library: It contains a rare collection of over 20,000 books, including ancient manuscripts and personal diaries of the Dogra royals. 4.Durbar Hall: The hall features portraits of the Dogra rulers and other prominent historical figures of the state. |
| Bhimgarh Fort | Reasi | Founder: The fort was originally built of mud by Raja Bhim Dev of Reasi in the 8th century. Reconstruction: The current stone structure was renovated and reinforced by Raja Rishipal Rana. Dogra Era: The fort gained its modern prominence under Maharaja Gulab Singh. In 1817, he ordered further repairs and used it as a strategic military base and a royal treasury. Completion: The restoration and construction of the main masonry walls were completed around 1841. | Location: Situated in the town of Reasi, approximately 64 km from Jammu. River: It overlooks the Anji River (a tributary of the Chenab). Associated Ruler: Primarily associated with Maharaja Gulab Singh for its modern stone version. Commonly known as the Reasi Fort. |
| Akhnoor Fort | Akhnoor (Chenab) | Foundation: The construction of the modern fort was started by Raja Alok Singh in 1762. Completion: It was completed by his son, Raja Gareshwar Singh, in 1802. Dogra Influence: The fort was later renovated and expanded by Maharaja Gulab Singh in the 19th century. | Manda: The fort is perched on the ancient mound of Manda. Excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) revealed three periods of occupation: Harappan, Kushan, and Gupta. Location: Situated on the right bank of the Chenab River (ancient name: Asikni). Religious Sites: Close to the fort is the Pandav Gufa, where it is believed the Pandavas stayed during their exile. Jia Pota Ghat: Located nearby, this is the historic site where Maharaja Ranjit Singh performed the Raj-Tilak (coronation) of Gulab Singh as the Raja of Jammu on June 17, 1822. |
| Pari Mahal | Srinagar | Founder: It was built by Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Period: Mid-17th Century (1650s). Purpose: It was established as a residential school of Sufism and an astronomical observatory. Dara Shikoh was a great scholar and had a deep interest in astrology and Sufi philosophy. The garden was dedicated by Dara Shikoh to his tutor, Mullah Shah Badakhshi. Name: “Pari Mahal” translates to “The Palace of Fairies.” It is also sometimes associated with local folklore about fairies, but historically, it was a center for celestial study. | It is situated on top of the Zabarwan Mountain Range. View: It overlooks the city of Srinagar and the southwest of Dal Lake. It is located just above the Chashme Shahi garden. Terraces: It consists of seven terraces, which symbolize the seven heavens in Islamic cosmology. Absence of Fountains: Unlike other Mughal gardens, you won’t find the typical central water channel or fountains here. Water was instead stored in underground tanks (hamams). Masonry: It features classic Mughal arches and terraced stone walls, blending with the natural slope of the mountain. The Garden: It follows the Charbagh layout but is adapted to a hilly terrain. |
| Poonch Fort | Poonch | Foundation: The foundation was laid by Raja Abdul Razak Khan in 1713. Main Construction: Most of the actual fort building was carried out by his son, Raja Rustam Khan, between 1760 and 1787. He is often credited as the primary architect of the fort’s early structure. Sikh Influence: When the Sikh Empire took over, Raja Dhyan Singh (brother of Gulab Singh) further fortified it during the early 19th century. Dogra Renovation: The final touches and the conversion of the fort into a royal residence were done by Raja Moti Singh, who hired European architects to give it a distinct look. | Gateways: The fort is known for its massive, ornate wooden gates that were typical of the defensive structures in the Pir Panjal range. Location: It is located on a small hillock in the heart of Poonch town, providing a strategic view of the surrounding valleys. Associated Dynasty: Started by the Rathore Rajas (local Muslim rulers) and later held by the Dogras. |
Religious Sites (Temples)
| Temple | Location | Built By / Period | Significance |
| Martand Sun Temple | Anantnag | Built By: Lalitaditya Muktapida, the most powerful king of the Karkota Dynasty. Time Period: 8th Century AD (around 725–756 AD). Dedication: It is dedicated to Surya (the Sun God). “Martand” is another Sanskrit name for the Sun. Destruction: The temple was destroyed in the early 15th century by Sultan Sikandar Butshikan. | It is situated on a plateau (Karewa) above the town of Mattan, providing a panoramic view of the entire Kashmir Valley. Style: A unique blend of Kashmiri, Gandharan, Greek, and Roman architectural styles. |
| Shankaracharya | Srinagar (Gopadri) | Ancient Foundation: Traditionally, the first shrine on this site is believed to have been built around 200 BCE by Jaluka, the son of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka. The Sandiman Era: According to Kalhana’s Rajatarangini, the temple was significantly renovated or built in its early form by King Sandiman (also known as Aryaraja) around the 1st century BCE. He was known for his extreme piety and devotion to Lord Shiva. King Gopaditya: In the 1st or 2nd century CE, King Gopaditya rebuilt the temple and dedicated it to Jyesteshwara. He renamed the hill Gopadri (Gopa Hill). Adi Shankaracharya’s Visit: In the 9th century CE, the great philosopher Adi Shankaracharya visited Kashmir to propagate the Advaita Vedanta philosophy. He stayed at this temple, and his presence was so impactful that the temple and the hill eventually became known by his name. Sikh and Dogra Period: During the Sikh rule (1840s), the dome was repaired by Governor Sheikh Mohi-ud-Din. Later, Maharaja Gulab Singh, the founder of the Dogra Dynasty, constructed the stone steps leading to the summit and officially popularized the name “Shankaracharya.” | Dedicated to Lord Shiva; also called Jyeshteshwara: The original religious name of the deity. Gopadri: The ancient name of the hill after King Gopaditya. Takht-i-Sulaiman: Meaning “Throne of Solomon,” a name used during the Muslim period. Pas-Bahar: The name used during the Buddhist period in Kashmir. The Mysore Gift: In 1925, the Maharaja of Mysore visited the temple and was responsible for its electrification, which is why the temple is visible as a glowing landmark over Srinagar at night. Literary Connection: It is widely believed that Adi Shankaracharya composed his famous work, Soundarya Lahari, while staying at this very spot. Geography: The temple is located on the Zabarwan Mountain Range, overlooking Dal Lake and the Jhelum River. Current Custodian: It is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). The Temple was reparired by Zain-ud-abidin, when once damaged by earthquake. |
| Raghunath Temple | Jammu | Founder: The construction was started by Maharaja Gulab Singh (the founder of the Dogra Dynasty) in 1835. Completion: It was completed by his son, Maharaja Ranbir Singh, in 1860. Dedication: The primary deity is Lord Rama (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu), who is the patron deity of the Dogra Royal family. | The Seven Shrines: Apart from Lord Rama, there are shrines dedicated to various incarnations of Vishnu and other Hindu deities like Surya (Sun God) and Shiva. Maharaja Ranbir Singh established a Sanskrit Library and a center for learning within the temple premises. The inner walls are adorned with beautiful murals and paintings depicting scenes from the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Bhagavad Gita. |
| Vaishno Devi | Katra (Trikuta) | Location: Situated in the Reasi District. Mountain Range: Located on the Trikuta Mountains (part of the lower Himalayas). | The Three Pindies: 1.Maha Kali: (Right) Representing Tam Guna (Power/Strength). 2.Maha Lakshmi: (Center) Representing Raj Guna (Wealth/Prosperity). 3.Maha Saraswati: (Left) Representing Satva Guna (Wisdom/Knowledge). |
| Amarnath Cave | Anantnag | Natural | Houses the ice Shiva Lingam; rediscovered by Buta Malik. |
| Kheer Bhawani | Ganderbal (Tulmulla) | The temple is dedicated to Goddess Ragnya Devi (an incarnation of Goddess Durga). Ancient Roots: The temple is mentioned in Kalhana’s Rajatarangini and the Ain-i-Akbari (by Abu’l-Fazl). It is said the original temple was very ancient, but it remained submerged in a swamp for centuries. The Dream of Krishna Pandit: Legend says the location of the spring was revealed in a dream to a local priest named Krishna Pandit. Modern Reconstruction: The current marble temple was built by Maharaja Pratap Singh in 1912. Later, Maharaja Hari Singh carried out further renovations. Swami Vivekananda’s Visit: A notable historical fact is that Swami Vivekananda visited the temple in 1898 and felt a deep spiritual connection to the site. | The most unique feature of this temple is the hexagonal spring in which the temple stands. Color Changing Property: It is traditionally believed that the color of the spring water changes. This is used as a “spiritual barometer” by locals. Symbolism of Colors: * Milky White/Green: Considered a sign of peace and prosperity. Dark/Blackish: Traditionally viewed as a warning of impending natural calamities or difficult times (famously noted during the 1947 tribal invasion and the 2014 floods). Traditional Festival: Zyestha Ashtami. |
| Ranbireshwar | Jammu | Maharaja Ranbir Singh | Biggest Shiva temple in North India; 8-ft tall black marble Lingam. |
| Avantiswami | Pulwama | King Avantivarman | Dedicated to Lord Vishnu; 9th-century ruins at Avantipur. |
Religious Sites (Mosques & Shrines)
| Site | Location | Built By / Period | Key Feature |
| Hazratbal Shrine | Srinagar | The Sacred Relic (Moi-e-Muqqadas): The relic was brought to India by Syed Abdullah, a descendant of the Prophet, who arrived in Bijapur (Deccan) in 1635. Journey to Kashmir: The relic was later sold to a wealthy Kashmiri businessman named Khwaja Nur-ud-Din Ishbari. Arrival in Srinagar: The relic reached Kashmir during the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1699. Original Location: Initially, the relic was kept at the Khanqah-e-Moula, but due to the massive crowds, it was moved to its current location at Hazratbal. | Ishrat Jahan Garden: The site was originally a pleasure garden known as Ishrat Jahan, laid out by Sadiq Khan (a subedar of Emperor Shah Jahan) in 1623. Conversion: Shah Jahan later ordered the garden to be converted into a prayer house (palace for prayers). Location: It is situated on the western bank of Dal Lake in Srinagar. The “Relic Theft” Incident: A major historical event occurred in 1963 when the sacred relic went missing, leading to massive protests. It was recovered in January 1964. Alternative Names: It is also known as Assar-e-Sharief, Madinat-us-Sani, and Dargah Sharif. Management: The shrine is managed by the J&K Waqf Board. |
| Jamia Masjid | Srinagar | Founder: It was built by Sultan Sikandar (Sikandar Butshikan) in 1395 CE and completed by 1402. Dedication: The shrine is dedicated to the famous Persian Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, popularly known as Shah-e-Hamdan or Amir-e-Kabir. Arrival of Islam: The saint visited Kashmir three times, and his arrival is considered a turning point in the spread of Islam in the valley. He is credited with bringing Persian crafts like Pashmina and Papier-mâché to Kashmir. This mosque had three major fires during the Sultanate and Mughal eras. 1st Fire: 1479 (Sultan Hassan Shah rebuilt it). 2nd Fire: 1620 (Jahangir rebuilt it). 3rd Fire: 1672 (Aurangzeb rebuilt it). Note: For Jamia Masjid, the Aurangzeb reconstruction is the most significant | Architectural Significance: Wooden Architecture: It is built entirely of wood (deodar) without the use of nails. It is a prime example of the Kashmiri Pagoda style of architecture. The Roof: It features a pyramid-shaped roof with a spire (finial) on top, resembling a Buddhist stupa or Hindu temple structure, reflecting the synthesis of local and Islamic cultures. Decoration: The interiors are world-renowned for their Papier-mâché work, intricate wood carvings (Pinjrakari), and colorful frescoes on the walls and ceilings. Structure: The shrine stands on a stone plinth that belonged to an earlier structure, showcasing the architectural layers of Srinagar. |
| Khanqah-e-Moula | Srinagar | Sultan Sikandar | Built in memory of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani (Shah-e-Hamdan). |
| Charar-e-Sharief | Budgam | 15th Century | Dedicated to the Sufi saint Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali (Nund Rishi). |
| Makhdoom Sahib | Srinagar | Mughal Period | Dedicated to Sheikh Hamza Makhdoom; located on Hari Parbat hill. |
| Pathar Masjid | Srinagar | Empress Noor Jahan | Unique stone construction; ignored by locals initially due to its founder. |
| Dastgeer Sahib | Srinagar (Khanyar) | 1845 | Dedicated to Abdul Qadir Gilani; famous for its intricate woodwork. |
Other Shrines & Heritage Sites
- Ambaran (Akhnoor): The only major Buddhist Stupa site in Jammu where relics were found.
- Gurudwara Chatti Patshahi: Located near Hari Parbat; dedicated to the 6th Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind Ji.
- Naranag Temple: Located in Wangath (Ganderbal); an ancient group of temples built by Lalitaditya.
- Ziyarat Shahdara Sharief: Located in Rajouri; dedicated to Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah.
Culture & Heritage
| Garden | Location | Built By | Year | Key Feature / Nickname |
| Shalimar Bagh | Srinagar (Dal Lake) | Built By: Mughal Emperor Jahangir. Year: 1619. Dedicated To: His wife, Nur Jahan. UNESCO Status: It is currently on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List along with other Mughal Gardens of Kashmir. | 1619 | “Garden of Love”; Has the famous Farah Baksh and Faiz Baksh terraces. The garden is divided into three main terraces: 1.The Lower Terrace (Diwan-e-Aam): The public garden where the Emperor held his public audiences. It features a small black marble throne. 2.The Middle Terrace (Diwan-e-Khas): Also known as the “Emperor’s Garden” or “Farah Baksh” (The Bestower of Pleasure). This was reserved for the Emperor and his courtiers. 3.The Upper Terrace (Zenana Garden): Known as the “Faiz Baksh” (The Bestower of Plenty). This was the private garden for the royal ladies, featuring the famous Black Marble Pavilion. |
| Nishat Bagh | Srinagar (Dal Lake) | Built By: Asif Khan, the elder brother of Empress Nur Jahan and the Prime Minister (Wazir) of Emperor Shah Jahan. Year: 1633. Meaning: The name “Nishat Bagh” translates to “Garden of Joy” or “Garden of Delight” or “Garden of Bliss.” | 1633 | Nishat Bagh is famous for its verticality and dramatic views. Terraces: It is the largest Mughal Garden in the valley in terms of terraces, featuring 12 terraces. These are often said to represent the 12 signs of the Zodiac. Location: It is situated on the eastern bank of Dal Lake, with the Zabarwan Mountains as its backdrop. The View: It is designed such that from every terrace, you get an unobstructed view of Dal Lake with the Pir Panjal range in the distance. |
| Chashme Shahi | Srinagar (Zabarwan) | Built By: Ali Mardan Khan, the governor under Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Year: 1632. Dedication: Shah Jahan commissioned the garden for his eldest son, Dara Shikoh. Name Origin: The name literally means “Royal Spring.” It was built around a natural freshwater spring that was discovered by the great female saint of Kashmir, Rupa Bhawani | 1632 | Chashme Shahi is famous for its three-terraced layout: 1.The Spring: The spring is the heart of the garden. It originates at the topmost terrace and is housed inside a Mughal-style pavilion (baradari). 2.The Terraces: The water flows from the first terrace through a central marble chute (chadar) into a reservoir on the second terrace. From the second terrace, it falls into a large square pool on the third (lowest) terrace. 3.Architectural Style: It follows the classic Iranian/Persian influence in its garden design, focusing on the flow of water and symmetry. |
| Pari Mahal | Srinagar (Zabarwan) | Dara Shikoh | 1650 | “Palace of Fairies”; Used as an astronomical observatory and Sufi school. |
| Verinag Garden | Anantnag | Jahangir | 1620 | Source of the Jhelum River; Octagonal stone basin built around the spring. |
| Achabal Garden | Anantnag | Nur Jahan | 1620 | Famous for its water cascades and the Hamam (bathhouse). |
| Naseem Bagh | Srinagar | Akbar | 1586 | “Garden of Morning Breeze”; Known as the oldest Mughal garden; famous for its Chinar trees. |
| Dara Shikoh Garden | Bijbehara | Dara Shikoh | 1640 | Located on the banks of the Jhelum; known for its massive, ancient Chinar trees. |
Important “Exam-Pointer” Tips:
- Asif Khan, who built Nishat Bagh, was the brother of Nur Jahan and the father of Mumtaz Mahal.
- Shalimar Bagh was built by Jahangir for his wife, Nur Jahan.
- Naseem Bagh is unique because it is currently part of the University of Kashmir campus.
- Verinag is considered the first starting point of the river Jhelum (ancient name: Vitasta).
Major Hill Stations of J&K
| Hill Station | District | Elevation (approx) | Key Fact for JKSSB |
| Gulmarg | Baramulla | 2,650 m | Location: Situated in the Baramulla district. Range: Nestled in the Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas. Ancient Name: Originally called Gaurimarg (the path of Goddess Gauri/Parvati). Modern Name: Renamed to Gulmarg (“Meadow of Flowers”) by Sultan Yusuf Shah Chak in the 16th century, who was inspired by its sight during his frequent visits with his queen, Habba Khatoon. Highest Peak nearby: Apharwat Peak. World Record: Home to the world’s highest green golf course. Gulmarg Gondola: It is the highest cable car in Asia and the second highest in the world. It operates in two phases: Phase 1: Gulmarg to Kongdoori. Phase 2: Kongdoori to Aparwath Peak. |
| Pahalgam | Anantnag | 2,130 m | Known as “Valley of Shepherds”; situated at the confluence of Lidder and Sheshnag streams. |
| Sonamarg(The Meadow of Gold) | Ganderbal | 2,730 m | Location: Situated on the banks of the Sindh River (a major tributary of the Jhelum). Meaning: “Sona” (Gold) and “Marg” (Meadow). Strategic Importance: It lies on the Srinagar-Leh National Highway (NH-1D) and serves as the base camp for the trek to the holy Amarnath Cave (via the Baltal route). Sonamarg is the starting point for the famous Kashmir Great Lakes Trek: 1.Vishansar Lake: Known as the “Lake of Vishnu.” 2.Krishansar Lake: Famous for trout fishing. 3.Gadsar Lake: Also known as the “Lake of Fishes” or “Yemsar.” 4.Satsar Lake: A cluster of seven small alpine lakes. 5.Gangabal Lake: Located at the foot of Mount Haramukh. Z-Morh Tunnel: A recently completed tunnel that provides all-weather connectivity to Sonamarg, making it accessible in winter for the first time. Zojila Tunnel: Currently under construction, it will be Asia’s longest bi-directional tunnel, starting near Sonamarg. |
| Patnitop | Udhampur | 2,024 m | Famous for Nathatop and the ancient Naag Mandir; located on the Jammu-Srinagar NH44. |
| Yusmarg | Budgam | 2,400 m | Known as “Meadow of Jesus”; situated on the banks of the Doodh Ganga river. |
| Bhaderwah | Doda | 1,613 m | Known as “Chota Kashmir”; famous for the annual Mela Pat. |
| Sanasar | Ramban | 2,050 m | Named after small local lakes ‘Sana’ and ‘Sar’; hub for paragliding near Patnitop. |
| Doodhpathri | Budgam | 2,730 m | Known as “Valley of Milk”; the water is said to look milky while flowing over rocks. |
Significant Valleys & Their Secrets
| Valley | District | Key Facts for Aspirants |
| Lolab Valley | Kupwara | Known as “Land of Love and Beauty”; named after Maharaja Lolo; birthplace of Allama Anwar Shah Kashmiri. |
| Gurez Valley | Bandipora | Famous for the Habba Khatoon Peak (Pyramid shaped) and the Kishanganga River (Neelum). |
| Bangus Valley | Kupwara | Divided into Bod Bangus (Big) and Lokut Bangus (Small); located in the North-Western border. |
| Betaab Valley | Anantnag | Originally Hagan Valley; renamed after the Bollywood movie Betaab shot there in 1983. |
| Aru Valley | Anantnag | Base camp for treks to Kolahoi Glacier and Tarsar-Marsar Lakes. |
| Sindh Valley | Ganderbal | Formed by the Sindh River; historically part of the Silk Road. |
| Warwan Valley | Kishtwar | A high-altitude, offbeat valley connecting Kishtwar to Anantnag. |
| Jai Valley | Doda | A lush green valley 32 km from Bhaderwah; famous for winter sports and camping. |
Quick Revision “Must-Knows”
- Mini Switzerland of India: Often used for Baisaran (near Pahalgam) or Bhaderwah.
- Highest Peak in Gurez: Habba Khatoon Peak (approx 13,000 ft).
- Deepest Lake in Kashmir: Manasbal Lake (often discussed alongside Ganderbal’s valleys).
- The “A-B-C” of Pahalgam: Aru Valley, Betaab Valley, Chandanwari.
Complete List of Lakes in J&K
1. Major Freshwater Lakes
- Wular Lake (Bandipora):
- Status: Largest freshwater lake in India/Asia.
- Source: Fed by the Jhelum River.
- History: Artificial island Zaina Lank built by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin.
- Alias: Ancient name was Mahapadmasar.
- Dal Lake (Srinagar):
- Aliases: “Jewel in the crown of Kashmir,” “Srinagar’s Jewel,” “Lake of Flowers.”
- Basins: Divided into four—Gagribal, Lokut Dal, Bod Dal, and Nigeen (Nigeen is often treated as independent).
- Features: Floating gardens called ‘Rad’; islands like Rup Lank (Char Chinar) and Sona Lank.
- Manasbal Lake (Ganderbal):
- Status: Deepest lake in India (approx. 13m/43ft).
- Alias: “Supreme Gem of all Kashmir Lakes.”
- Mughal Connect: Jarokha Bagh (built by Nur Jahan) overlooks it.
- Anchar Lake (Srinagar): Located near Soura; connected to Dal Lake via Nallah Amir Khan.
2. High Altitude / Alpine Lakes
- Gangabal Lake (Ganderbal): Located at the foothills of Mount Harmukh; known as Harmukh Ganga.
- Sheshnag Lake (Anantnag): Located on the track to Amarnath Cave; oligotrophic in nature.
- Tarsar & Marsar Lakes (Pulwama): Known as the “Twin Sisters.” Marsar is the source of the Arrah River.
- Kausar Nag (Kulgam): Also known as Vishnopad; source of the Veshav River.
- Vishansar & Krishansar (Ganderbal): Alpine lakes near Sonamarg; famous for trout fishing.
3. Lakes of Jammu Region
- Mansar & Surinsar (Samba/Jammu): * Status: Together designated as a Ramsar Site (2005).
- Mythology: Believed to have originated when Arjun shot an arrow into the earth.
- Religious Significance: Sheshnag shrine at Mansar; Parikrama (circumambulation) is common.
- Sanasar (Ramban): A twin lake (Sana and Sar) in a cup-shaped meadow near Patnitop.
Complete List of Waterfalls in J&K
| Waterfall | Location (District) | Alias / Key Fact |
| Aharbal Falls | Kulgam | “Niagara Falls of Kashmir”; formed by Veshav River; plunges 25m. |
| Noori Chamb | Poonch | Named after Empress Nur Jahan; located near Bafliaz on Mughal Road. |
| Siar Baba | Reasi | One of the biggest cascades; located on the Chenab River. |
| Baba Dhansar | Reasi (near Katra) | Famous for its holy pond (Karua Jheel) and naturally formed stalactite Shivling. |
| Drung Waterfall | Gulmarg (Baramulla) | Extremely popular in winter as it completely freezes into giant icicles. |
| Kokernag Falls | Anantnag | Cascades from 2000m; water is known for medicinal properties (Papashudan nad). |
Quick Facts for MCQs
- Ramsar Sites in J&K: Wular, Dal (as part of Nigeen/Hokersar complex), Surinsar-Mansar, Hokersar, Hygam, and Shallabugh.
- Land of Countless Springs: Anantnag.
- Tectonic Lake: Wular Lake.
- Blue Water Lake: Nilnag (Budgam).
District-Wise Breakdown of Key Wetlands
| District | Wetland / Reserve | Key Features for JKSSB |
| Bandipora | Wular Lake | Ramsar Site (1990); Asia’s largest freshwater lake; fed by Jhelum. |
| Srinagar | Hokersar (Hokera) | Ramsar Site (2005); Known as the “Queen of Wetlands”; critical for migratory birds. |
| Anchar Lake | Connected to Dal Lake; facing severe degradation. | |
| Khushalsar / Gilsar | Urban wetlands in Srinagar; part of the historical navigation route. | |
| Baramulla | Hygam (Haigam) | Ramsar Site (2022); Situated near Sopore; famous for reed-beds and duck shooting (historically). |
| Mirgund | A seasonal wetland located near the Srinagar-Baramulla highway. | |
| Ganderbal | Shallabugh | Ramsar Site (2022); Located in the Sherpathri area; one of the largest bird sanctuaries in the valley. |
| Manasbal Lake | Deepest lake in J&K; technically a wetland-lake ecosystem. | |
| Budgam | Narkara | Receives water from the Doodhganga stream; facing heavy urban encroachment. |
| Nilnag | A “blue water” high-altitude wetland/lake. | |
| Pulwama | Manibugh | Located in the Pampore region; famous for waterfowl. |
| Chatlam & Fushkoori | Emerging bird-watching hotspots near Pampore. | |
| Jammu | Surinsar-Mansar | Ramsar Site (2005); Twin sacred lakes; Surinsar is rain-fed, Mansar is groundwater-fed. |
| Gharana | Located in R.S. Pura; famous for the Bar-headed Geese migrating from Central Asia. | |
| Kukarian / Pargwal | Wetlands located near the International Border (IB) on the Tawi and Chenab rivers. | |
| Samba | Purmandal | Riverine wetland area around the Devika River. |
Ramsar Sites in J&K (The “Big Five”)
These are the most important for exams. Note that Tsomoriri and Tso Kar are now in the UT of Ladakh, not J&K.
- Wular Lake (Bandipora): First Ramsar site of J&K (1990).
- Hokera/Hokersar (Srinagar): Designated in 2005.
- Surinsar-Mansar (Jammu): Designated in 2005 (Composite site).
- Hygam Wetland (Baramulla): Designated in June 2022.
- Shallabugh Wetland (Ganderbal): Designated in June 2022.
GI-Tagged Products & Handicrafts
In 2024–25, the government accelerated GI (Geographical Indication) tagging. Questions often ask about the district or specific craft.
| Product | Region | Key Fact for JKSSB |
| Pashmina Wool | Kashmir | Derived from the Changthangi goat; 100% hand-spun. |
| Kani Shawl | Kanihama (Budgam) | Uses small wooden needles called ‘Tujis’. |
| Basohli Painting | Kathua | Known for bold colors and the use of beetle wings for emerald green. |
| Chikri Woodcraft | Rajouri | Pale, honey-colored fine-grained wood. |
| Mushqbudji Rice | Sagam (Anantnag) | Short-bold aromatic rice grown at high altitudes. |
| Bhaderwah Rajmash | Doda | Famous for its small size and distinct sweetness. |
| Kashmir Saffron | Pampore | Only saffron in the world grown at an altitude of 1600m to 1800m. |
Festivals & Fairs (The Cultural Calendar)
JKSSB frequently asks for the month or deity associated with these events.
- Tulip Festival: Held at Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden (largest in Asia) in April.
- Mela Pat: Celebrated in Bhaderwah (Doda) to commemorate the meeting between Raja Nagpal and Emperor Akbar.
- Jhiri Mela: Held in Jammu to commemorate the sacrifice of the farmer Baba Jitto.
- Purmandal Mela: Held on Maha Shivratri; Purmandal is often called ‘Chhota Kashi’.
- Navreh & Herath: Navreh is the Kashmiri Pandit New Year; Herath is their Maha Shivratri.
- Urs of Shah-e-Hamdan: Celebrated at Khanqah-e-Moula on the 6th of Zil-Hijjah.
Infrastructure & Connectivity (The “New J&K” Focus)
Since you mentioned the rail connectivity, these specific facts are high-yield:
- Chenab Bridge: The world’s highest railway bridge (359m above river bed); part of the USBRL project.
- Banihal-Qazigund Tunnel: Also known as the Panchal Tunnel; India’s longest railway tunnel (approx. 11.2 km).
- Atal Setu: The first cable-stayed bridge in North India (Basohli, Kathua).
- Z-Morh & Zojila Tunnels: Connects Srinagar to Leh; ensures all-weather connectivity.
Wildlife Sanctuaries & National Parks
Tourism isn’t just scenic; it’s ecological. This is a staple for JKSSB GK.
- Dachigam National Park (Srinagar): Famous for the Hangul (Kashmiri Stag), the state animal.
- Kishtwar High Altitude NP: Famous for the Snow Leopard and Musk Deer.
- Kaziranga NP (Baramulla): Famous for the Markhor (world’s largest mountain goat).
- Salim Ali NP: Located in Srinagar (now turned into the Royal Springs Golf Course area).
- Overa-Aru WLS: Located in Pahalgam; important for bird diversity.
Conclusion: J&K Tourism — A New Era of Opportunities
The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir has moved beyond its traditional identity as a “summer retreat” to emerge as a sophisticated, year-round global tourism destination. For a JKSSB or JKPSC aspirant, this shift is critical: the exams are no longer just about the Mughal Gardens or Dal Lake; they now demand a deep understanding of economic indicators, GI heritage, and border infrastructure.
By synthesizing the historical legacy of the Mughal and Dogra eras with the modern strategic push for Industry Status and All-Weather Connectivity, this guide provides the holistic perspective required for the 2026 examination cycle.
🚀 Key Takeaways for Your Revision:
- The Transition: Focus on the shift from 7 traditional spots to the 75 new offbeat destinations (like Keran and Gurez) that reflect the “Border Tourism” push.
- The Scientific Edge: Note the change in wildlife and wetland monitoring, especially the new Ramsar sites (Hygam and Shallabugh) and the DNA profiling of high-altitude fauna.
- The Economic Link: Recognize that tourism is now an Industry, contributing significantly to a GSDP growing at over 7.4%.
- The Heritage Core: Always keep the founders and aliases at your fingertips—knowing that Lalitaditya built Martand or that Gulmarg was once “Gauri Marg” can be the difference between a selection and a miss.
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